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PRESIDIO OF MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA 


PYCCKHH 


CPnCKOXPBATCKH 


w 1 RUSSIAN 

SHQIP 


MAGYAR 
H * nfi 


TURK^E 


SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN 
SIX WEEK 
READING COURSE 


PORTUGUES 
LfO (o' 


ROMANA 


YKPAIHCbKA 
ITALIANO ~| 

bahasa Indonesia! 


REFERENCE BOOK 

lol <■ / ^ 


sninlvm 


BTvirAPCKH 


POLSKI 


6a 

Ifi. 


nu 


CESKY 


EAAHNIKA 


ESPANOL 


FRANCAIS 



SLOVEN§ClNA 


[(jfUO OOO 000 

DEUTSCH 
TIENG VIET NAM 


LIETUVIIJ 



































































































































US ARMY LANGUAGE SCHOOL 
Presidio of Monterey, California 


This is a document for use by the staff, faculty, 
and students of the US Army Language School solely for 
official purposes. It is NOT for general distribution. 

It may NOT be released to other persons, quoted or 
extracted for publication or otherwise copied or dis¬ 
tributed without specific permission from the Commandant, 
US Army Language School, in each instance. 

FOR THE COMMANDANT: 



Major, AGC 
Secretary 


RUSSIAN 


PJTCCKIfft H3HK 


Scientific Russian 
Six-week Reading Course 

IffecTMHeflejiBHEia Kypc Pyccicoro 
5l3HKa xjtghhh 

Hay^HOM JTjit© paTypn 

REFERENCE BOOK 
CnPABO^HMK 


March 1963 
MapT 1963 


United States Army Language School 
Presidio of Monterey, California 

HlKOJia HHOCTpaHHHX &3HKOB ApMMK C.IH.A. 
lip© 3 HflHO MOHT©peii # KaJIH$OpHMH 


















I 


• » 
* 










R.V.S. \oTtU>Z 


TABLE OF CONTENTS 


Page 

Comparative Survey of English and 

Russian Grammatical Structure . 1 

Russian Word Structure . 32 

Declension Chart of Russian Nouns ... 46 

Declension Chart of Russian Adjectives 

and Participles . 47 

Declension of Pronouns . 48 

Declension of Cardinal Numerals .... 51 

Prepositions and the Cases They Govern. 53 

Conjugation of Verbs. 56 

Patterns of Participles . 58 

Verbs of Motion . 59 

List of Verbs . 60 

Transliteration . 121 

List of Basic Abbreviations and Symbols 123 

































COMPARATIVE SURVEY OF 


ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE 


English Grammar: 


Russian Grammar: 


1. SENTENCE, SUBJECT AND PREDICATE 

a. A Sentence : 

A sentence is a group of words that expresses 
a complete thought. Its main elements are the subject 
and the predicate. A sentence may also contain seconda¬ 
ry elements such as the object, attributes and adverbi¬ 
al modifiers. 


b. The Subject : 

The subject is a word in a sentence about which 
something is asserted. (It is usually a noun or a pro¬ 
noun) . 


c. The Predicate : 

The predicate is a word or a group of words 
which denotes what the subject of a sentence does or 
is: 


Subj. Pred. 

The enemy retreated . 

He is a student. 


Subj. 

IIpOT JTBHHK 

Oh 


Pred. 

OTCTVnHJI . 

CTYJieHT . 


2. LINKING VERBS 

A linking verb shows the relationship between 
the subject and the predicate noun, the predicate adjec¬ 
tive or the predicate pronoun. 


1 














English Grammar: 

The most common linking 
verbs in English are: 
to be, to become, to ap¬ 
pear, to seem, etc. 

Examples: 

The weather was bad. 

The weather became colder 


In English the linking 
verb T, to be" is never 
omitted: 

Examples: 

He J^s an officer. 

He was an officer. 


Russian Grammar: 

The Russian language also 
uses linking verbs. 


Examples: 

Ilorofla dHJia mioxan. 
Dorofla cTajia xojio,zi;H©e. 


In Russian the verb "6htb" 
(equivalent of "to be") is 
usually omitted in the pre¬ 
sent tense: 

Examples: 

Oh ocJUTHep. (Present tense) 
but: 

Oh 6hji o$nn;ep{OM) .(Past 

tense) 


3. TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS 


a. A transitive verb expresses an action which is 
not confined to the doer (subject) but "crosses over" to 
a receiver. Transitive verbs are capable of governing a 
direct object. 


Example: 


Example: 


Subj. Pred. 

I am washing 

(In Russian the direct ob¬ 
ject is always in the ac¬ 
cusative case without a 
preposition). 


Dir.obj. 
the car. 


Subj. Pred. Dir.obj. 

H MOK) aBTOMObMJIB . 


2 










English Grammar 


Russian Grammar: 


b. An intransitive verb expresses an action or state 
which either does not go beyond the doer (subject) or 
affects other persons or things only indirectly. Intransi¬ 
tive verbs do not require a direct object. 


Example: He slept . 


Example: Oh cnaji . 

In Russian all verbs which 
are not capable of governing 
a direct object are classified 
as intransitive. 


4. AN OBJECT 


An object is a word denoting a person or thing at 
which the action expressed in the sentence is directed. 


Example: 

I was reading a book. 
I agree with you . 


Example: 

fl ^HTaji KHKry . 

£ corjiaceH c BaMH. 


An object can be either direct or indirect. 


a. A direct object is a person or thing which is 
directly affected by the action described in a sentence. 


Example: He bought a map. 

In English the direct ob¬ 
ject in a sentence is said 
to be in the objective case 

However, only some of the 
pronouns have a distinctive 
form for that case. 

Example: I saw him . 


Example: Oh KynHJi KapTy . 

In Russian a direct object 
governed by a transitive verb 
is always in the accusative 
case and is never preceded by 
a preposition. 

Thus, the Russian accusative 
case corresponds to the ob¬ 
jective case in English. 
Example: H BMfleji ero. 

(We see from the above examples 
that both the noun " KapTa" 
(map) and the pronoun " oh"( he) 
have a distinct form for the 
accusative case to show that 
they function here as direct 
objects). 


3 














English Grammar 


Russian Grammar: 


b. An indirect object is a person or a thing t£ or for 
and on behalf of whom or which the action takes place. In 
other words, an indirect object receives only the indirect 
action of the verb. 


Example: 

Dir.obj. Ind.obj. 

I bought this book for you . 

In English the relation 
between the action expressed 
by the verb and an indirect 
object is often shown with 
the help of a preposition. 

Sometimes, however, the 
preposition before an indi¬ 
rect object is not expressed, 
but merely understood as, 
for instance, the preposi¬ 
tion ,f to n in the sentence: 
"He gave me a book" 


Example: 

Dir.obj. Ind.obj. 
fl KynMJi 3Ty KHHry ajih Bac . 

In Russian such a relation¬ 
ship is shown by changes in 
the form of words (case endings) 
with or without the help of 
prepositions.An indirect ob¬ 
ject may occur in all cases 
except the nominative (the 
case of the subject) or the 
accusative without a preposi ¬ 
tion (which is the exclusive 
mark of a direct object).The 
case in which an indirect ob¬ 
ject will appear is determi¬ 
ned by the governing verb or 
by the preposition that comes 
before the object. 

Examples: 

H 3aBMflyro eMy . (I envy him) 

< ✓ / 

OHa CMOTpMT 3a fleTBMM. 

(She is looking alter the 

children) 


5. A MODIFIER 

A modifier is a word (or a group of words) which des¬ 
cribes and qualifies another word y in a sentence. 

The teacher corrected the I y^iiTejif nonpaBiui onm6KH 
student f s mistakes. I c_Ty^eH_Ta_j_ 

Here the word "§tudent»s" (cTy^eHTa ) modifies the 
word "mistakes" ( omubKM ) answering the question "whose?" 

(*I£JI ?). 


4 












English Grammar: 

Russian Grammar: 

He reads a Russian magazine. 

Oh HMTaeT pryccKMii sypHaji. 


Here the word "Russian^ ( py cckmm ) modifies the direct ob¬ 
ject '^magazine" ( »ypHaji ) answering the question "what kind?" 
( Hanoi* ?) c 

6. ADVERBIAL MODIFIERS 

Adverbial modifiers are secondary elements of a sentence 
which show how or under what circumstances (when, where, why, 
for what purpose) the action expressed in the sentence is be¬ 
ing performed. 


Examples: 

Examples: 

She will come soon. (When?) 

OHa okotdo niDHiieT . (Korna? ) 

He works in the garden. (Where?) 

Oh padoTaeT b easy. (Tae?) 

He spoke slowly. (How?) 

Oh rcBopHJi MezmeHHO . (Kan? ) 


7. SOME PECULIARITIES IN RUSSIAN SENTENCE STRUCTURE 

It is worth while making note of the following instances 
of Russian sentence structure which differ considerably from 
the English patterns and are very active in the Russian lan«- 
guage: 


Sub j. 

Subj. 

I need a dictionary. 

/ / 

MHe HysceH c-ziOBapB. 

Sub j. 

Subj. 

He likes this picture. 

/ / * 

EmV HpaBHTCH 3Ta KapTKHa. 


In the above two Russian sentences the thing needed or 
liked becomes the subject, while the logical subject (I,he) 


is put in the dative case. 


I feel cold. 

MHe xdJiOflHO. 

It*s warm here. 

/ 

3,zi;©cb tgiuio• 


5 
















English Grammar: 


Russian Grammar: 


In the Russian equivalent of these sentences the gramma¬ 
tical subject disappears; the sentence becomes impersonal. 

Examples: 

They say that he is very sick = 

= He is said to be very sick. 


They sell cigarettes in this 
store = Cigarettes are sold 
in this store. 


rOBOPHT . HTO OH O^ieHB dOJieH. 


B 3tom Mara3HHe rrpoflaioT 
cwrapeTH. 


When the agent is not clearly defined (they), the Rus¬ 
sian sentence features the predicate in the 3rd person plu¬ 
ral and omits "they”. 


8. MAIN AND SUBORDINATE CLAUSE 

a. A part of a sentence which expresses a complete idea 
and which is capable of serving as an independent simple sen¬ 
tence is called the main clause. 


b. A subordinate clause does not express a complete 
idea. It serves to explain and modify the main clause. 

Examples: 


The gentleman who was there 
is our instructor. 


In English the subordinate 
clause is not always separated 
from the main clause by commas. 
Commas are used only when there 
is danger of confusion and when 
there is no connecting conjunc¬ 
tion. 


rOCnOflHH, KQTOPH# 6hji TaM 
Ham y^JHTejiB. 

In Russian all subor¬ 
dinate clauses are sepa¬ 
rated by commas from the 
main clause. 


6 










English Grammar: 


Russian Grammar: 


9. PARTS OF SPEECH 


In traditional grammars all words are classified accord¬ 
ing to their usage. These classes are referred to as Parts 
of Speech . 


English Grammar normally 
recognizes eight parts of 
speech. 


1. Noun 

2. Pronoun 

3. Adjective 

4. Verb 

5. Adverb 

6. Preposition 

7. Conjunction 

8. Interjection 


Russian grammar recognizes 
ten parts of speech. 

1. Noun 

2. Pronoun 

3. Adjective 

4. Verb 

5. Adverb 

6. Preposition 

7. Conjunction 

8. Interjection 

9. Numera1 
10. Particle 


In the Russian language the parts of speech are more 
sharply defined than in English. The function of a word is 
in most cases clearly indicated by its form, whereas in 
English one and the same word may perform the functions of 
different parts of speech without undergoing any change of 
form. 


Examples: 


The mine - noun 


MHHa - noun 


mine field - "mine" func¬ 
tions as adjective 
to mine the road - verb 


MKHHoe nojie - adjective 
MHHHPQBaTL flopory - verb 


In the above examples the same English word 
functions without any change of form as noun, adjective and 
verb, whereas in Russian the corresponding functions are per¬ 
formed by three different words, which have a common root and 
which all have typical endings showing to what part of speech 
they belong. 


10. ARTICLES 


In English we have the der 
finite article "the" and the 
indefinite article "a ,T (an). 

The table - A table 


There are no articles in 
the Russian language. 

CTOJI 

The word may either mean 
"the table" or "a table". 


7 













English Grammar: 


Russian Grammar: 


11. A NOUN 


A noun is a name of a thing , 
an abstract notion. 


person , anima1 , place or 


book 

sergeant 

John 

tiger 

country 

America 

progress 


KHHra 

cepacaHT 

MBaH 

Turp 

CT;paHa 

AMepMKa 

nporpec c 


Names of persons and animals are referred to as 
animate nouns , all other nouns are inanimate . 


12. GENDER 

All nouns in English and in Russian are divided into 
three gender groups. They are: 

a. Masculine 

b. Feminine 

c. Neuter 


In the English lan¬ 
guage, grammatical gender, 
as a rule, follows sex. 
Persons of male sex are of 
a masculine.gender (a boy- 
- he); persons of female 
sex are of feminine gender 
(a girl - she) and things 
are of a neuter gender 
(a book - it). 


In the Russian language 
sex also is a decisive factor 
in determining the grammatical 
gender of persons. But in the 
case of many other words the 
gender is purely grammatical 
and does not follow a natural 
distinction.This results in 
many objects without sex (in¬ 
animate nouns) being regarded 
as masculine or feminine gram¬ 
matically speaking, while 
others are neuter. The gender 
of a noun in such cases is de¬ 
termined morphologically,i.e. 
by its ending . 

a. Masculine nouns end in a 
consonant or in m m"(ctoj, 
Ttaji ) or in " £ M (soft 
sign) as "kohb". 


8 












English Grammar: 


Russian Grammar: 


b„ Feminine nouns end in "a" 
or M a "(KHHra ,flepeBHH ) . 
Some end also in m b "(zi^epB) 

c. Neuter nouns / end in "o , ’,"e M 
or M mh 11 ( cjiobo . nojie.MMH ) 

You will note from the above 
that a word ending in ”b " 

(soft sign) may be either of 
masculine oS feminine gender. 


13. NUMBER 

Both in English and in Russian there exists the 
grammatical distinction of number according to whether the 
speaker wishes to designate one person, thing, etc.(singu¬ 
lar) or more than one (plural). 


In English the stan¬ 
dard endings of plural for 
nouns are M s ,T or "es". 


In Russian the standard 
endings of plural for nouns 
of masculine and feminine gen¬ 
ders are m h " or " m ". 

CTOJI - CTOJIH 

cjioBapB - cjiOBapw 

jiaMna - jiaMiiH 

flepeBHH - flepeBHH 

For neuter nouns and for 
some nouns of masculine gen¬ 
der the endings are "a " or 
"h": 

3epKajio - 3epKajia ) n 

nojie - nojiH ) 

flOKTOp - flOKTOpa ) 

y^MTGJtB - y^MTeJIH ) m * 

As will be seen later,the 
grammatical distinction of num 
ber applies in the Russian lan 
guage not only to nouns but 
also to pronouns,adjectives,nu 
merals and verbs. 


9 




English Grammar: 


Russian Grammar: 


14. CASE 


Cases in inflexional languages indicate the function 
of a word in a sentence and the relationship between the 
words that make up the sentence: between persons and things 
(my brother* s book), actions and persons (they arrested 
him ), actions and things (I take the book ). 


There are three cases 
in English: 

1. Nominative 

2. Possessive 

3. Objective 


English nouns have a 
special form for the posses¬ 
sive case only (brother*s). 

English personal pro¬ 
nouns and the relative pro¬ 
noun "who” have a special 
form for each of the three 
cases: 

he, his, him; 

who, whose,whom 


There are six cases in 
Russian: 

1. Nominative (basic form of 

a word,grammatical 
subject of a sentence) 

2. Genitive (Possessive) 

3. Dative (often the case of 

the indirect object) 

4. Accusative (Objective, the 

case of the direct 
object) 

5. Instrumental (denotes the 

means through which 
the action is perfor¬ 
med) 

6. Prepositional or locative 

(used only after pre¬ 
positions) . 

Each case in Russian has 
its specific case ending in 
singular and plural. 


Modern English with its very restricted system of in¬ 
flexion relies mostly on word order and on prepositons to 
show the function of a word in a sentence. Thiis in the sen¬ 
tence "The boy caught a fish" the problem of who caught whom 
is solved by the sequence of words in the sentence.The form 
of the words "boy" and "fish" yields no indication as to 
their function. If we make them change places in the sentence, 
(A fish caught a boy),the fish will assume the part of the 
catcher.In a heavily inflected language like the Russian such 
a shift in meaning would be impossible.T^e Russian equivalent 
of our English sentence would be ’MajiBtiJiK nonMaji piiby ". The 
form of the words (MajiB^WK, pn6y) shows clearly which of’them 
is the subject or doer and which is the object, which, in this 
case, is the victim of the action. If we make them change 
places, the order of the words will appear slightly unusual, 

but the 


10 









English Grammar: 


Russian Grammar: 


meaning of the sentence will remain crystal clear and there 
will be no doubt whatsoever as to who caught whom. This is 
an illustration of one of the most fundamental points of 
difference between English and Russian, which may be summed 
up as Syntax (English) versus Morphology (Russian). 


15. DECLENSION 

Inflexional change in the endings of a word intended 
to show differences in case, gender and number is called 
declension. 

Only nouns and pro¬ 
nouns are declined in 
English. 


4. Numeral 


The declinable parts of 
speech in Russian are: 

1. Noun 

2. Pronoun 

3. Adjective 


16. A PRONOUN 


In English a pronoun 
is a word used in place of 
a noun or of another pronoun 
in order to avoid repeti¬ 
tion. 

Example: The student was home. 
He was reading. 


According to the Russian 
grammar a pronoun is used in 
place of a noun, of an ad¬ 
jective or even sometimes of 
a numeral. 

Ex. :a , CTy,zi;eHT 6 hji flOMa. 

Oh HHTajr. 

b. BHepa h nne - 

KPaCHHH 

Tanoro c^iiJiBMa n. flaB- 
ho He BMfleji. 

c. B nepBOM KJiacce 
30 y^eHMKOB. 

_ / / * 

B HarneM KJiacce ctojib - 

ko le. 


11 









English Grammar: 


Russian Grammar: 


Pronouns are classified as follows: 


a. Personal pronouns: 

I, you (singe), he, she, 
it, we, you (pi.), they 

In modern English the 
pronoun "thou” (2nd per¬ 
son sing.) is now archaic 
except in religious and 
poetical expressions. 


b. Relative pronouns: 

who, what, that, which, 
whose 


c. Demonstrative pronouns: 
this, that, these, those 


d. Indefinite pronouns: 

any, anybody, somebody, 
anything, something, no¬ 
body, nothing, none. 


Equivalent Russian pronouns: 

H. , TH, OH - OHa - OHO, 

MN, BN, OHM 

In Russian the pronoun "tn" 
(2nd pers.sing.) is very wide¬ 
ly used in addressing: 

a. God 

b. relatives 

c. intimate friends 

d. children and animals 

The pronoun " bn" correspond¬ 
ing to the English "you" is 
used in addressing people with 
whom one is not on intimate 
terms: 

Kan th noacMBaeniB? ) How are 
Kan bn noscMBaeTe? ) you? 


KTO, HTO, KaKOM, KOTOpNM, 
Meg 

(In Russian, relative and in¬ 
terrogative pronouns are gene¬ 
rally considered as constitut¬ 
ing one group). 


3T0T (3Ta,3T0,3TM)JTOT (Ta, 
to v tg); Tanoft (such): 
ctojibko (as much) . 


KTO-TO,KTO-HMdyflB,HTO-TO, 
HTO-HM6y^B 

hmkt o (nobody ), hmhto ( noth¬ 
ing ), and several others of the 
same kind are classified in 
Russian as negative pronouns. 


12 




English Grammar : 
e. Possessive pronouns: 

1. my,(thy), his-her-its, 
our, your, their 

(These are sometimes 
called possessive ad¬ 
jectives) . 

2. mine,(thine), 
his - hers - its, 
ours, yours, theirs 


f. Interrogative pronouns: 
who? what? whose? which? 


Russian Grammar: 


Moft, tboh, Han, Ban, cBoft 


In Russian there is only one 
category of possessive pro¬ 
nouns and,therefore, "mom", 
for instance, will stand both 
for "my” and "mine". 

There are no special posses¬ 
sive pronouns for the 3rd per¬ 
son sing.and pi. "ero", "ee” 
and " mx" (equivalents of 
"his","her","its"and "their" 
are considered to be personal 
pronouns in the genitive 
(possessive) case. 

The possessive pronoun 
"CBoft" is used with all per¬ 
sons to convey the idea of 
"one’s own". 

/ „ / 

Ex. Oh noTepnJi cboh nacnopT. 
(He lost his passport). 

H He Bepwji cbohm rjia 3 aM. 
(I couldn’t believe ray 
eyes). 

^ejiai^Te Sto Ha CBoft 
cTpax h phck. 

(Do it at your own risk). 


KTO? HTO? Heft? KOTOpHft? 
KaKoft? ( what kind?) 


13 






English Grammar: 

g. Reflexive pronouns: 

myself, himself, herself, 
itself, ourselves, 
yourselves, themselves 


h. Emphatic (Intensive) 
pronouns: 

The emphatic pronouns 
are similar to the reflex¬ 
ive in form and are used 
for emphasis: 

Ex.: He himself said it. 


In English only the perso¬ 
nal pronouns and the rela¬ 
tive pronoun "who" have an 
extensive declension. 


Russian Grammar: 

There is only one reflexive 
pronoun in Russian: 

ce6n (-self, -selves) 

it is used with all persons 
in singular and plural and 
always refers to the agent 
of the clause in which it 
stands. 

Example: 

H HH^iero He rrpomy rjih . c s 6 h , 

(I ask nothing for myself) . 

m -ch ( cl)" is a contracted 
form of "ce6fl M which is 
used as a reflexive particle 
with the verbs. 

Example: 

mhtb - to wash (something) 
✓ 

mhtbch - to wash oneself. 

There is no corresponding ca¬ 
tegory in the classification 
of Russian pronouns. The Rus¬ 
sian pronoun "caM" is used 
to express similar shades of 
meaning: 

Ex.: oh caM CKa3aji sto. 

"CaM ” is classified in Rus¬ 
sian as an attributive pro¬ 
noun and shares this catego¬ 
ry with such words as "boob” 
(all), 'bcflKMM " (any, anyone) , 
"KaXflHH" (every), etc. 

In Russian all pronouns are 
declined except " ero, e§"and 
when used as possessives. 


14 





English Grammar: 


Russian Grammar: 


17. AN ADJECTIVE 


An adjective in English 
is a word which modifies a 
noun or a pronoun .Adjectives 
modify nouns more often than 
they modify pronouns: 


A good boy. 

A strong man. 


English adjectives remain 
invariable in form regard¬ 
less of the gender, number 
or case of the noun they mo¬ 
dify. 


There is no declension 
of adjectives. 


An adjective in Rus¬ 
sian grammar is also pri¬ 
marily a modifier of a 
noun: 


XopomUM MajIB^MK* 

Chjibhhk ^ejiOBeK. 

Russian adjectives have 
special adjectival endings, 
which set them aside as a 
distinct part of speech. 

Russian adjectives must 
agree in gender, number and 
case with the noun they 
modify: 

TenJiHM fleHL. (m)(Warm day) 

Teirna noro,zi;a. (f) (Warm 

weather) 


The endings of Russian 
adjectives are divided into 
two basic categories: hard 
and soft. 


m. 


f. 


KpaCHHM 

, ( red ) 

KpacHaa 


CHHHH 

„ ( b l u e ) 

CMHflH 


n. 


KpacHoe 


cMHee 


pL KpacHH§ 


CMHHe 


There are also so- 
called "mixed" types of end¬ 
ings which combine the cha¬ 
racteristics of the two ba¬ 
sic categories. 


15 








English Grammar: 


Russian Grammar: 


Russian adjectives are 


English adjectives ex¬ 
pressing quality have three 
degrees of comparison - po¬ 
sitive, comparative and 
superlative. The comparison 
of adjectives is made by 
different devices: 

Examples: 

strong, stronger, strong est 

interesting, more interesting, 
most interesting 


divided into qualitative - 
dojiBinon (big) , KpacMBHM(pretty) 
and relative: 
flepeBHHHHii (wooden), 

BHepamHMM (yesterday* s) 

Qualitative adjectives 
may be long in form 

Oh 6ojibhoh nejioBeK. 

(He is a sick man) 

or short: 

Oh bojieH . 

( He is sick ) 

Adjectives in long form 
are used as modifiers, whereas 
those in short form can only 
be used predicatively. 

Russian qualitative ad¬ 
jectives have the same degrees 
of comparison as in English. 

There is also some analogy 
in their formation: 

Examples: 

CMJIBHHM, COB Hee , C MJIBH e Min MM 

( CaMHK CMJIBHHM ) 
MHTepecHHM, MHTepecHee (60- 
Jiee MHTepecHHM), c simhm 
MHT epecHHM. 


16 













English Grammar: 


Russian Grammar: 


18. NUMERALS 


A numeral in English 
grammar is not usually re¬ 
cognized as an independent 
part of speech. 


A numeral in Russian 
grammar is an independent part 
of speech. It is defined as a 
word which indicates a number . 
The numerals are of two forms: 

a. Cardinal numerals - 
"oflMH "(one)," pa"(two; , 

"t pw "(three)^ M ,zi;ec.HTE> M 
(ten), ’’naTHafli^aTB 1 ’ (,fif- 
teen), " flBaflijaTB ijeTHpe" 
(twenty four), "cto "(hun¬ 
dred), etc. 

b. Ordinal numerals,similar to 
adjectives in form: 

"nepBHii"(first) , "BTopofr" 
(second) , "TpeTMii " (thirdj), 

"flocsTHM"(tenth) j^naTHa#- 
n;aTHM "(15th) ," flBa^aTB 
qeTBepTHM "(24th) ,"coTHii " 
(100th). 

c. Collective numerals - "poe" 
(2) ,"Tpoe "(3) ,"qeTB©po"(4), 
etc. used with masculine 
nouns denoting persons,with 
the word "fleTM“(Children) 
and with nouns used only in 
plural: 

Example : 






English Grammar: 


Russian Grammar: 


19. A VERB 

A verb is a word which denotes action or shows state 
of being (I work, he sleeps). 

a. Tense: 


There are six basic 
tense forms in English: 


(a) 

present tense: 

I do 

(b) 

present perfect 

I have done 

Cc) 

past tense: 

1 did - 

(d) 

past perfect: 

I had done. 

(e) 

future tense: 

I shall do. 

(f) 

future perfect: 


I shall have done 


In Russian there are 
three tenses to indicate the 
time of the action expressed 
by the verb: 

(a) present tense: 

H nmny . (I write, 

I am writing) 

(b) past tense: 

a nHcaji . (I wrote, 

I was writing) 

(c) future tense: 

a 6yjy nHcaTB . 

(1*11 write, I will be 
writing). 

(Aux.verb "6HTB M (to be) in 
the future tense plus the in¬ 
finitive of the main verb). 

In order to express the 
shades of meaning correcpond- 
ing to the more numerous En¬ 
glish verb tenses, the Russian 
language resorts to verbal as¬ 
pects. There are two aspects 
in Russian: the imperfective 
and the perfective. As a re¬ 
sult of this the immense majo¬ 
rity of Russian verbs come in 
imperfective-perfective pairs: 

rmcaTt—HanMcaTB -to write 
/ / 

flejiaTB-cflejiaTB -to do 


18 













English Grammar: 


Russian Grammar: 


The imperfective verb 
merely denotes an action or 
a state without any refer¬ 
ence to its completion or 
refers to repeated action, 
whereas the perfective verb 
denotes an action which has 
been completed in the past 
or will be completed in the 
future. 

Perfective verbs have 
only two tenses: 

a. past tense: 

H yace Hanncaji @m y nzcL- 

mo BHepd!. 

(I have already written 
him a letter yesterday) 

b. future tense: 

H Hammy eMy iiiicbmo 

3aBTpa. 

(1*11 write him a letter 
tomorrow). 

No auxiliary verb being 
used in the formation of the 
perfective future, this tense 
is sometimes referred to as 
"simple future". 

b. Infinitive form: 


The infinitive is a form of a verb which does not re¬ 
fer to any person or tense but merely states or describes 
the action. 


In English the infinitive 
form is preceded by "to": 

to read, to go. 


In Russian the infinitive 
form usually ends in"-TB" 

or "- TH". 

/ / 

HMTaTB, HATH. 


19 






English Grammar: 


Russian Grammar: 


c. Conjugation: 

The change of a verb form to express various tenses, 
moods, voices, persons and numbers is called conjugation. 
Both in English and in Russian verbs undergo changes of 
form to express tenses. 


In English the auxilia¬ 
ry verbs ( to be and to have ) 
are widely used in the forma- 
tion of the various tense 
forms. 

In modern English the 
personal endings of the verbs 
are reduced to a minimum. 
Apart from the archaic form 
of the 2nd pers.singular 
(thou),the only distinctive 
ending is the "s" appearing 
in the 3rd person singular of 
the present tense. 

Ex.: I wrote, he writes^. 

The auxiliary verb to be 
is an exception: 

I am, he is; 

we, you, they are . 


In Russian only one 
tense (the imperfective fu¬ 
ture) is formed with the 
help of the auxiliary verb 
m 6htb 11 (to be). 

Russian verbs have a 
distinct ending for each of 
the 3 persons in singular 
and plural. 

Ex.:H nwiiix* Cl write, etc.) 

Th rm memB . 

Oh nnnieT. 

Mh nmneM. 

Bn nwieTe. 

Ohm nMYT . 

However, in the past 
tense Russian verbs have no 
special person forms but 
change for number and, in 
the singular, also for gender 

OH^nMcaji -he ) 

OHa nwcajia -she ) wr ote 

mn, ^bn, ) ^ -we,you) 

ohm ) line a jim- they ) 


d. Mood 


The mood of a verb shows how its action or state is con¬ 
ceived by the speaker. 

(a) The indicative mood expresses that the action or state 
denoted by the verb is an actual fact. 


Ex. I did it yesterday. 


Ex.: H cflejiaji oto BHepa. 


20 










English Grammar: 


Russian Grammar: 


(b) The subjunctive mood expresses a thought not as a fact 
but as a matter of supposition, possibility or wish. 


Ex.:I would have done 
it if I could. 


Ex.: 51 cflejiaji 6 n sto, 
ecjm 6h Mor. 

In Russian this mood is 
called conditiona 1 -sub.junctive 
and has the form of the past 
tense of a verb plus the par¬ 
ticle "6 h ”. 

Ex.: 51 xoTeji 6 h - I would like 
KynMTB flOM. to buy a house. 


(c) The imperative mood expresses a command,a suggestion 
or a request. 


Ex.: Do it today! 


Ex.: CfleJiaiiTe 3 to ceropa! 


e. Voice 

The voice is a verbal category expressing whether the 
subject of the verb is the doer of the action indicated or 
is acted upon. 

Only transitive verbs have voice difference. 


Two voices are recog¬ 
nized in English: 
a. active and b. passive . 


(a) Active voice - a verb¬ 
al torm which shows that 
the grammatical subject is 
the performer of the ac¬ 
tion denoted by the verb. 

Ex. I washed the car. 


The verbal category of voice 
also exists in the Russian lan¬ 
guage, although it is somewhat 
less consistent and well defined 
as to form than the other ver¬ 
bal categories such as person, 
gender, aspect and mood. 


(a) Russian active construc - 
tion: 

(Subj.- 

actor) (Object) 

Ex.: 51 BHMHJI aBTOMObllJIB . 


21 













English Grammar: 


Russian Grammar: 


(b) Passive voice which shows 
that the grammatical sub¬ 
ject of the sentence is 
acted upon, is the recipi¬ 
ent of the action. 


(b) Russian passive con¬ 
struction: 


(Subj.=Obj.) 


Ex.: The car was washed 
by me. 


Ex. Abtomo6mjib 6hji 

BHMHT MHOK). 

(actor) 


The underlined construc¬ 
tion is known as a past passive 
participle (a verbal adjective) 
and plays an important part in 
forming Russian passive con¬ 
structions. Passive construc¬ 
tions are a Iso formed in Rus¬ 
sian by the addition of the 
particle "-ch" to transitive 
verbs in the active voice. 

Ex.jPabo'qpre otpoht flOM(active) 

Rom CTPOHTCH padotJUMM. 


(passive) 


(c) Russian grammar recognizes 
also a third voice - inter¬ 
mediate-reflexive. Verbs in 
this voice express an action 
which is directed back to¬ 
wards the agent. 

Ex.:Oh MoeT aBTOMo6iiJ|£ . ( ae- 

n / , tive) 

Oh MoeTCH. (reflexive ) 
(He is washing himself) . 

Note.- Not all verbs ending 
in "-ca " are truly reflexive, 
i.e. express an action the sub¬ 
ject (or agent) and object of 
which are identical.They include 
other categories which express 
other shades of meaning.Truly 
reflexive verbs are formed from 
transitive verbs. 


22 







English Grammar: 


Russian Grammar: 


20. PARTICIPLES. 

The participle is a verbal form which has adjectival 
and (in English) adverbial characteristics. 


In English the parti¬ 
ciples come in the fol¬ 
lowing forms: 

(a) Transitive verbs: 

Active : Passive : 
Present:asking being asked 
Past: asked 

Perfect:having having been 
asked asked 

The past participle of 
transitive verbs is always 
passive. 

(b) Intransitive verbs: 

Active: 

Present: going 
Past: gone 

Perfect: having gone 

The past participle of in¬ 
transitive verbs is never em¬ 
ployed as a separate element 
in the sentence, but is always 
found coupled with the axilia- 
ry verb. 


Russian participles per¬ 
form the functions of verbal 
adjectives and are classified 
according to: 

(a) voice - active and passive 

(b) tense - present and past 

(c) aspect- imperfective and 

perfective. 

As in English only tran¬ 
sitive verbs have passive 
participles. Perfective verbs 
have no present participles. 

Ex.: Participial forms from 
the imperfective/per- 
fect^ive pair of, verbs 
^MTaTt/npOXIMTaTB 
(to read) 


Imperf ective : 


Pres.act.p.: 

Pres.pass.p.: 

^KTaiojpin 
(who is read¬ 
ing) 

yHTaeMHM 
(which is be¬ 
ing read) 

Past 

act.p. 

*) 

(who was reading) 

Perfective: 

Past act.p.: 

Past pass op.: 


npotjMTaBmMM npoqiiT aHHHft **) 
( who read ) (which has 
been read) 


5 Past active participle ending for verbs whose stem in the 

past tense ends in a consonant is "nr nit "Ex. HecmHw,norM6mMM. 
**) Some verbs have their past passive participle ending in 
"TM " Ex.: BHMHTHM, HaJIHTHM. 


23 


















English Grammar: 


Russian Grammar: 


In English some parti- 
cipial forms ma y have adver¬ 
bial functions in a sentence. 


All the above parti¬ 
ciples are used as modifiers 
and, like adjectives, agree 
with the nouns they modify 
in gender, number and case. 

Active participles have 
only a long form, while pas¬ 
sive participles have both 
long and short forms. 

Ex.: npo^MTaHHHM (past pass. 

part.- 
long form) 

npoiiiiTaH. (ditto - 

short form) 

The passive participles 
in the short form are used as 
predicates in a sentence 
and agree with the subject in 
gender and number. They are 
not declined for case. 

Example: 

3Ta KHMra ^dHJia Hanw- 
caHa flaBHO. 

(This book was written 
long ago). 

N o t e.- In modern Russian 
only a very restricted num¬ 
ber of short present passive 
participles are used. On the 
contrary, short forms of 
past passive participles are 
very widely used. 

In Russian participles 
do not function as adverbs . 
Instead there are special 
verb forms called "flepnpu- 
I ^acTI^e ,, which perform such 
functions: 


24 














Russian Grammar: 


English Grammar: 


Example: 

Knowing English well (= As 
he knoi\s English well), he 
translated the article 
without a dictionary. 


Example: 

3hsih xopomo aHrjiKwcKHii 
H3HK, oh nepeBeji cTaTBio 
6e3 cjroBapH. 


M ^eenpHHacTHe" of im- 
perfective verbs, as the one 
cited above, are used to de¬ 
note an action which is simul¬ 
taneous with the action ex¬ 
pressed by^ the predicate. 

" £eenpnHacTHe M of perfec¬ 
tive verbs are used to denote 
an action which preceded the 
action expressed by the pre¬ 
dicate: 

IIojiyHHB TejierpaMMy, oh 
II03B0HHJI flPipeKTOpy. 

(Having received the tele¬ 
gram, he rang up the director). 


21 

In English the gerund 
is a verbal noun . It is 
derived from a verb and is 
used as a noun. 

Examples: 

Reading is her favorite 
occupation. 

He finished reading the book. 

I remember reading it. 


GERUND 

Such a verbal form is 
completely lacking in Russian, 

The gerund is usually 
translated into Russian by: 

a,) t noun: 

6HH6 -ee JIK>6MMOe 3aHH- 
Twe. 

b) an infinitive form of a 
verb: 

Oh kohhmji HHTaTB KHHry. 


c) by a finite form of a 
verb : 

H nOMHIO, qTO HKTaJI 3 TO. 


25 












English Grammar: 


Russian Grammar: 


22. ADVERBS 

An adverb is a word which modifies a verb, an adjective 


or 

another adverb. 




a) 

You worked well. 

a) 

Bh 

naboTajiM xopomo. 

b) 

A very good book. 

b) 

O^ieHB xopoiaa kh wra• 

c) 

He works very well. 

c) 

Oh 

/ / ^ / 

o^eHL xopomo paoo- 


TaeT. 


There is thus a close analogy in the functions performed 
by the adverb in both languages. There is some degree of dif¬ 
ference in the way adverbs are classified in English and in 
Russian , but the terminology involved is not relevant for the 
•purpose of this survey. Below are given some of the main 
classes of English adverbs with their Russian equivalents. 


(a) Adverbs of time: 
now, then, today 

(b) Adverbs of place: 

there, here, hither, 
right, forward 

(c) Adverbs of manner: 

well, badly, so, 
attentively 

(d) Adverbs of degree: 

very, somewhat, almost, 
too 

(e) Interrogative adverbs: 

where? when? why? how? 

Some English adverbs, 
mostly those which suggest 
qualitative ideas,have degrees 


Teriept, Tor^a, ceropa 


TaM, # 3flect, ciofla, 
HanpaBO, Bnepej 


xopomo, nmoxo, Tan, 

BHMMaTeJIBHO 


OtieHB, flOBOJIBHO, IIOHTM, 
CJIMmKOM 


rfle? Korfla? noaeMy? Kan? 

Russian avderbs derived 
from qualitative adjectives 
also form degrees of compa- 


26 








English Grammar: 
of comparison: 

Regular : 

Positive : Comparat .: Superlat .: 

quickly quicker quickest 

and Irregular : 
badly worse worst 


The expletive there , an adverb 
used as a warning that the pre¬ 
dicate verb of the sentence is 
to precede the subject t has no 
counterpart in Russian and is 
not translated. 

Ex.: There is nobody here. = 
3,n;ecB hmkoto HeT. 


Russian Grammar: 
rison: 

Regular : 

Positive : Comparative : Superlat 

6hc t po dHCTpee dHCTpee 

Bcero 

and Irregular : (Bcex) 

njioxo xyie xyace Bee 

ro(Bcex) 

The meaning of the superla¬ 
tive degree of adverbs in 
modern Russian is mostly 
rendered descriptively 
(comp.with the English 
phrase " worst of all " ) . 


3. PREPOSITIONS 

A preposition is a word placed before a substantive to 


show its syntactical relations 
tions can suggest position (at 
towards, into), source (from, o 

The English language 
relies on word order and on 
prepositions to show the func¬ 
tion of a word in the sentence. 


in the sentence. The preposi- 
, above, in), direction (to, 
f), time (at, during), etc. 

In Russian, which is a 
highly inflected language, 
the case endings of declin¬ 
able words take a leading 
part in showing the relation¬ 
ship of words within a sen¬ 
tence. Word order is, there¬ 
fore, of far less importance 
and more flexible. However, 
prepositions are also widely 
used in addition to case end¬ 
ings, although in some in- 


27 
















English Grammar: 


Russian Grammar: 


Some of the most com¬ 
mon English prepositions 
are: in, on, to, from, 

under, about, for, 
through, till, after. 

In English the preposi¬ 
tions, when placed before a 
word, do not affect its form. 


stances Russian can get by 
without prepositions where 
the English language has to 
use them. 

Ex.: He is recommended to us 
by his former chief? = 

Oh peKOMeHflOBaH 

HaM ero 6 hbiiijim HanajiB- 

HMKOM. 

In Russian each preposi¬ 
tion governs a specific case 
(or cases) in the word be¬ 
fore which it is placed.Thus, 
the Russian equivalents of 
the prepositions given in the 
opposite column will show the 
following characteristics: 

M b M (in, location) + pre¬ 
positional case 

" b '* (to, goal of motion) 

+ accusative case 


” na »» (on, location) + pre¬ 
positional case 

m ot '» (from) + genitive c. 

M no,n; " (under, location) 

+ instrumental case. 

" o " (about) + preposi 
tional case 

" RJ ih " (for) + genitive case 

" ^pe3" (through) + accu¬ 
sative case 


” flo " (till) + genitive c. 

"nc^cjie" (after) + genitive 
case. 


28 



English Grammar: 


Russian Grammar: 


24. CONJUNCTIONS 

A conjunction is a word which connects words, phrases 
and sentences and indicates the relationship of the elements 
i.t joins together. Conjunctions are classified as coordinat¬ 
ing (those which connect words, phrases or clauses of equal 
rank in the sentence) and subordinating (those which con¬ 


nect a principal clause with 

The most common con¬ 
junctions in English are: 

and, but, or, that, if, 
though, because, etc. 


a subordinate clause). 

While there is a great 
deal of similarity in the use 
of conjunctions in the English 
and Russian languages, the 
meaning of some Russian con¬ 
junctions creates problems 
for the students in view of 
the lack of coincidence with 
corresponding English con¬ 
junctions. Three Russian con¬ 
junctions " H ", "a" and "ho" 
correspond to the English 
conjunctions "and", "but". 

Here are some hints as to 
their use: 

(a) " u " (and) - indicates 
addition (+) or simila¬ 
rity (=): 

Oh o$Hn;ep h y^HTejiB. (+) 

Oh o$Mn;ep m h 
o$Mn;ep. (=) 

(b) " a " (sometimes trans¬ 
lated as "and", some¬ 
times as "but") - indi¬ 
cates difference or 
denial: 

Oh o$nn;ep,a h y^uiTe jib • 

Oh o$nri;ep, a .He y^w- 
t e jib . 


29 



English Grammar: 


Russian Grammar: 


(c) "ho" (but) is used when 
the second statement 
limits somewhat the 
first statement: 

Oh roBopHT no-pyccKM, 
ho mioxo. 


25. INTERJECTION 


An interjection is an exclamatory word used to express 
some feeling or emotion,such as delight, triumph, joy, fear, 
surprise, etc. Here are some examples of interjections: 


Ah!(delight or sur¬ 
prise) 

Alas! (sorrow) 


Ax! 

yBHi 


Oh! (pain or fear) 


Oii! 


Bravo! (praise) 
Hello! (calling) 

Hurrah! (exultation) 


EpaBO! 

3iU Ajijio ! (the latter is 
used in telephone 
calls only) 

ypa! (also used by Russian 
soldiers as a battle 
cry) 


26. PARTICLE 


A particle is not con¬ 
sidered as a grammatical ca¬ 
tegory in English gram¬ 
mar. 

Some Russian particles 
cannot be translated directly 
into English. 

The equivalents of 
others are treated by English 
grammar as adverbs (not, no, 
yes) . 


A particle in Russian is 
an auxiliary part of speech. 

It is used to impart to a 
word or to a sentence a speci¬ 
fic shade of meaning. Among 
other things, particles may 
express: 

(a) a question 

iMTajiM jih bh? (Did you 
read?) 


30 





English Grammar: 


Russian Grammar: 


(b) a negation: 

51 lie. HMTaji. (I didn*t 
read) 

(c) an emphasis: 

ToBoppiJi »e. h! (I did 

tell you!) 

It is relevant to note 
the following: 

(a) The particle "jim" is 
widely used in Russian 
in formulating indirect 
questions, where its 
fuction corresponds to 
the English words "if" 
or whether: 

Ask him, if (whether) he 
speaks^Russian* = 4 

CnpocMTe ero, roBopiiT 
jim oh no-pyocKM. 

(b) The particle " 6 h m in 
combination with the past 
tense forms the condition¬ 
al-subjunctive mood of 
Russian verbs: 

51 Kyrmji 6 h aom, ecjm ,6 h 
y MeHH 621 m fleHBrn. 

(I would buy a house if 
I had money). 


31 





RUSSIAN WORD STRUCTURE 


The knowledge of Russian word structure, i.e.an under¬ 
standing of the component elements of Russian words, is im¬ 
perative for effective study of the Russian language. Fami¬ 
liarization with basic Russian roots, compound words and 
derivatives, enables the student to be better oriented in 
the recognition, classification and practical usage of Rus¬ 
sian words. It is especially important to recognize the va¬ 
rious suffixes and prefixes. Once these affixes are fami¬ 
liar to the student, he will be able to break down words 
into their component parts, and this will greatly facili¬ 
tate his work in reading and translating any Russian text. 


I. All words are of two kinds: simple or derivative: 

1. Simple words are those words which are not derived 
from any other words, as for example: CTOJi,BOfla , 
etc. 

2. Derivative words are those words which are formed 
or derived from other words, as for example: 
ctojimk (little table), oTOJiOBHii (adj.) deriva¬ 
tives of ctoji. 

3. A derivative word may be formed from another deri¬ 
vative words, as for example: the word M3flaTejiB- 
ctbo (publishing house) is derived from M 3 flaT 0 JiB 
(published); the words M3flaTejiB is ^derived from 
M3flaTB (to publish), while the M3flaTB derives 
from flaTB (to give). 

4. Therefore, a whole series of words may be formed 
or derived one from another. Words thus formed are 
called re la ted words. 

5. Related or cognate words comprise a family or group 
of words. 

6. The term "root of a word n pertains to that part of 
cognate words which is common to all of them. 


32 









II. Elements of Words 


The component elements of words are: 

root ) 
prefix ) stem 
suffix ) 

ending 

1. R o o t . The root of a word is that essential part 
of it which it possesses in common with a group of cognate 
words: 


nepe 


root 


IIHC 

IIMC 

nno 

nnc 


aTB 

aji 

ax 

aTejiB 


to write 

wrote (was writing) 
copied, rewrote 
- writer 


2. 

before a 

Pref i 5 

root and c 

prefix 

root 

nepe 

nofl 

IIMC 

nnc 


aji 

aji 


copied, rewrote 

signed (literally: 

underwrote) 


3.Suffix. A suffix is an element which is placed 
after a root and changes the meaning of the word: 


prefix 

root 

suf fix 


nnc 

a tb 

nepe 

nnc 

a ji 


nnc 

aTejiB 


to write 
copied, rewrote 
writer 


33 















4. E n d i n g . An ending is an element of a word which 
changes to indicate gender, number, case, or person. 



prefix 

root 

suffixes 

ending 

✓ 





OHa 

nepe 

nwc 

am 

a 


nepe 

nzc 

am 

H 

OHM 







imc 

aTem 

M 


feminine gender 
(she copied) 

plural: (we,you, 
they copied) 

nominative plu¬ 
ral (writers) 


Other examples: 

Ham ctoji (the lack of ending indicates masculine 

gender) 

Hama KOUHaTa (the ending -a_ indicates feminine gender) 

Hame paflHO (the endings ^e and _-o indicate neuter gen¬ 
der) 

HamM ctojih (the endings -x_ and -h indicate plural) 


5. Stem . The stem of a word is the whole word 
except the ending, or the whole word if it has no ending. 


prefix 

root 

suffix 

ending 

nofl 

line 

am 

H 

nofl 

nHCB* 





* 



nwc 

aTB 



OTom 




stem: prefix-root-suffix 
(a and m ) 
stem: prefix-root 

stem: root-suffix (a andTB) 

stem: root 


* noflnHCB - signature 


34 















III. Noun suffixes are divided into two groups: 


1. Suffixes which help to form nouns from nouns in order 
to impart a different shade of meaning to derivatives, as for 
example: 


a) Diminutive (also caressing, 

b) Augmentative 

c) Contemptuous 

Examples : ctoji (basic form) 

ctojimk (diminutive) 

BeTep (basic form) 
BeTepoK (diminutive) 


cajoling) 


) 

) meaning 

) 


table 

a little table 
wind 

a little wind, i.e. 
breeze 


2. Suffixes which help to form nouns with new meanings 
from verbs, adjectives and other nouns. 

Examples : imcaTB (to write) - verb 

imcaTejiB (writer) - noun 

pn6a (fish) - noun 

pndaK (fisherman) - noun 

Principal noun suffixes of group I : 

Diminutive -mk : ctojimk. xojimhk. jommk [ ctoji,xojim, aom) 

and cajol¬ 
ing : _ -min : CTaKaH^iiK, xieMOflaH^MK (CTaKaH,yeMOfla^ 

-ok,- eK : BeTepoK, kpvkok. oroHen (BeTep. Kpyr, 


-( oxj )n-a: pytiKa, naji o^K a 

-(eti )K-a: qaneqKa 

-HIKO : C 6 JIH HIUK O , 30 PH HSIK O 

Dntemptu- 

1S; _MiK o :ropo uMmK O 


igmenta- 

.ve: -nm-e,a : iioMKine. py^nma 


oroHB) 
(pyKa, najiKa) 

( xianna) 

(cojmije, 3epHO 

(ropofl) 

(flOM, pyna) 


35 













Note that the suffix "h " is retained, while the suffix 
"e" is lost when a word is declined: 


Nominative : 

KJiroqjiK 

oroHe qeK 

KYCO^eK 


Genitive : 
KjrroxiMKa 
oroHetiKa 
Kyc o^Ka 


Principal noun suffixes of group 2 . 

1. Suffixes which help to name an agent (masc.gender) or 
doer . The characteristic action of theagent or doer is de¬ 
rived from the meaning of the verb; of a noun, or accord¬ 
ing to his place of residence, etc. 


-TejiB •: 
-^mk : 
-mJiK : 
-HMK : 

-an, hk: 
-en; 

- Me t : 


y^ MTejiB . mioa TejiB 

jiqt ^hk , nepeBQi iqiiK . raseT ^HK 

KaMeH UKK . 3eJieH IgMK 

MflC HHK , IIOMO mHHK 

pn6aK, mophk 

6oen. xpadpen; 

KQMMyH MCT . MapKC MCT . e tC. 


2. The designation of a person of female gender is arrived 
at with the aid of suffixes: 

-HMn;-a: (from words of a masculine gender) 

ytiZTejiB - yqfiTejiB HKii a 
nwoaTejiB - nMcaTejiB HHn a 

-K-a : (from words of a masculine gender) 
ncnaHen; - KenaHKa 
KOMco.MOJieii; - komoomojiksi 


36 










-K-a : (Cont'd) 

KOMMyHMOT - KOMMyHMCTKa 
Ph6slk* - pHdaxiKa 

Note.- The designation of persons of female sex from 
nouns ending in -mmc , -^mk , - hk is formed by changing 
M k” to "n;" and by adding ,? -a M . 

ra30T^KK - ra3eTi2Hp;a 

ynaKOBmMK - ynaKOBmmja 

3. The designation of a given quality is arrived at with 
the aid of suffixes: 

-OCT(eCT): HCH QCT B . CKO BOCT B. MOJIOI IOCT B . CBexeCTB 
-oT-a : nycTOTa, rnupoTa, bhoOT a« denHOTa 

-cTB-o : repoftcTBO, jqotoh hctb o. doraT CTB Q 

4. T^e designation of a given action is arrived at with 
the aid of suffixes: 

) acejiaHJie, yq eHPi e. npuroTOBJi eHti e 

: oTBejiBba, xoiiBda. npoctda 

: der cTB Q. etc. 


-aHM-e 

-eHM-e 

-Bd-a 

-CTB-O 


IV. Adjectival suffixes are divided into two groups: 

1. Suffixes which aid in the formation of adjectives 
from nouns (and verbs): 

3 MM3, - SJfMHHft; JI0T0TB - JI0Ty^II^** 

2. Suffixes which aid in the formation of new adjec¬ 
tives from adjectives. They impart a new shade in 
the meaning of the basic adjective. For instance: 
6©jihm - 6©ji©hbkmk (diminutive,cajoling adj.) 

* . k” changes into - . 

** ji©Ty*iHM - flying, volatile 


37 








Principal suffixes of group 1 . 

-h : KOMHaTa - KOMHaTimii, cTeHa - ctohhoh 

-aH,HH : Koia - KoacaHHii, rjiMHa - fjihhhhhh 
-GHH : XO3 HilCTB0-X03HHCTB eHH HM % C O JIOMa- C O JIO MeHH Hft 
-OHH : CTaHnKfl-CTaHII MOHH HH. peBO JIIOIIHH- PeBO JHOII HOHH Ijfi 
-HHOCK : KCTOPHfl-HCTO PKtieCK Mii. 

-(e)cK : Ch6hpb - cKbHPCKHft. flpyr - iipyj gecK HH 
-(ob)ck: OTeu; - ot hobck h# , etc. 

Note s.- 1) Adjectives with suffix -©hh and -ohh 

are written with two h*s. 

2) Adjectives with suffixes -aH and -hh are 
written with one h. 

KoaaHHH, cepeSpHHHH 

Exceptions: CTeKJiHHHHit, flepeBHHHNJi, ojiobhhhh» 

Principal suffixes of group 2, 

-ohbk(-ohbk): 6ejmH-6ejr eHBK Hft 

Jl § rK MM- Jl © rpHBKH ft 
— OBaT j — eBaT ): 6©jiN&-6ej[pBaTHii 
C HH H ft- C HH OBaT HH 

v - Verbal suffixes . The infinitive form of verbs ends in 
"TB : HHTa TB % rOBOP KTB 

-TH : H6CTM. BOOTH 

: 6ep©HB, MOHB 

To determine the stem of the infinitive form it is ne* 
cessary to drop these suffixes. 


38 














Principal verbal suffixes: 


-a(TB) 

: 

fleji-a-TB, tiMT—a —tb 

-e( tb) 

: 

BMfl-e-TB, JieT-e-TB 

-H(TB) 

: 

rOBOp-II-TB, JTI 06 -M-TB 

-OB(aTB) 

• 

COBeT—OB—aTB 

-eB(aTB) 

• 

rop-eB-aTB, hot?— eB—aTB 

-Ba{TB) 

• 

OTKPH-Ba-TB, fla-Ba-TB 

-HBa(TB) 

• 

noflnHc-HBa-TB, onwc-HBa- 

-MBa(TB) 

• 

cnpai-HBa-TB, 3aBenr-HBa' 

-Hy(TB) 

• 

KPMK-Hy-TB, 3 eB—Hy—TB 

— HpOB(aTB) 

• 

arMT-HpoB-aTB 

— H3MpOB(aTB ) 

: 

aHajiH3-iipoB-aTB 


Note s.- 1) Suffixes -OB^aTt) , -eB(aTt) are used to 

form verbs from nouns: 

decefla - 6ece,n;oBaT£, imp - impoBaTB, rope - ropeBaTB. 

In the present tense, these suffixes are replaced by suf¬ 
fixes -y, -to : 

coBeT QBaT L - coBeTxto, ro peBaT B - ropioio. 

2) Verbs are formed from adjectives and nouns 


by suffixes -e 

( tb ) and - m| 

1 tb ): 

-6(tb): 6ejm% 

- 6eji_eTB* 

(to become white - pres.tense) 

-e : 3BepB 

- 3BepeTB 

(to become a beast) 

-h(tb): bejiHM 

- 6eJIMTB 

(to make white, to whitewash) 

cop 

- COPHTB 

(to dirty) 


* Such verbs belong to the 1-st conjugation. 


39 






Notes (Cont’d): 


3) Suffixes -upoBaTB and -n3npoBaT£ occur 
largely in words of foreign extraction: 

Tejier~oad )MT)OBaTB . arHT KPOBaTB . 

PerHOT PMPQBaTB , MpOHH3_MppBaTB. 

4) Suffixes -NBa or - mb a as well as -Ba- 
(in cases where the root of the verb ends in a vowel) 
help to form verbs of imperfective aspect from corres¬ 
ponding verbs of perfective aspect. A prefix added to an 
imperfective verb changes the meaning of the verb and 
makes it perfective (nucaTB - to write, noflimcaTB 

to sign). This new verb requires a corresponding imper¬ 
fective counterpart: 

HaflnzcaTB - Haunnc HBa TB 

paocKa3aT£ - paccKa3 HBa TB 

pa3 6iiTB - pa3 6 nBa, TB 


VI. Formation of adverbs : 

Adverbs can be derived from different parts of 

speech: 

1. From adjectives by means of suffix M o" 
(sometimes "e”): 


Adjectives : 
xoponmii (good) 

iijioxom (bad, poor) 

MCKpeHHuii (sincere) 


Adverbs: 
xopomo (well) 
njioxo (badly) 
MCKpeHH© (sincerely) 


2. From adjectives 
ending of the dative case: 

Adjectives : 
oceHHHii 


by the particle "no” and the 
Adverbs : 

no-oceHHeMy (as in autumn) 

no-BoeHHOuy (in a military 
manner) 


B06HHHH 


40 













If the adjective ends in - cKifii by means of "no" 
and the ending - h: 


Adjectives: 

pyccKnft 

COBGTCKHll 

3. From pronouns: 
no-Moeuy 
no-BameMy 


Adverbs: 


no-pyccKn 


(in Russian, in a 
Russian manner) 


no-ooBGTGKH (in a Soviet manner, 
in a Soviet way). 


(in my opinion) 
(in your opinion) 


4. From nouns (Instrumental case): 

yTpoM (in the morning) 

flHGM (in the daytime) 


5. From numerals: 
BO-nepBHX 
BO-BTOpHX 


(at first) 
(secondly), etc. 


6. From adverbs by means of prefixes: 


OTCiofla 

OTTyfla 

no3aB^epa 


(from here) 

(from there) 

(day before yesterday) 


VII. Prefixes: 


Prefixes play an important part in the Russian lan¬ 
guage. They change the meaning of the words and are in¬ 
strumental in the formation of "compound” words. 


41 




Prefixes may be separable or inseparable . Those 
which are used as independent words are called separable; 
those which have no independent existence are called 
inseparable . 

Example : Separable prefixes are: b[bo), flo, 3a , 

Inseparable prefixes are:BH - (out) 

nepe- (over,across, 
afresh,etc.) 


Prefixes are usually prepositions and preserve the 
meaning ot the prepositions * *^ However, it must be remem¬ 
bered,that in many cases the original meaning of a preposi¬ 
tion, when added to a word, is barely apparent. In some 
cases, it has even been completely lost. 


The most important meanings of separable prefixes : 

6e3 ( 6ec )* * - without, less, dis, in, etc. 

6e3Homii - without legs (Hora- leg) 

6e3HafleacHHii - hopeless (Hafleacfla - hope) 

(Ha,n;e»cHHii - safe, reliable) 

6e3onacHHM - safe, safety (onacHu# - dangerous) 

6ecKOHe*iHo - endlessly ( kohId; - the end) 


B|BO ) 


- in, into, to (bxoamtb - to go in,to enter) 

fl^Bxoxy b - I enter the room 
KOMHaTy. (Lit.; I go in the room) 

( bhoomtb - to bring in) 

H BHonry - 1 bring in the chairs. 

CTyjIBH. 


cannot be used as 


* The prepositions M K ,r and 

prefixes. 

** Before vowels and voiced consonants the prefixes 603, 
ns , pas , etc. retain the ”3 ”, but before unvoiced 
consonants and ”c” the ”3 " changes into ”c” 


42 















flo 


3a 


Ha 


Haa 


OT 


no 


is used if an action carried to its end or 
up to a certain point: 

floxoflHTB - to reach 

flonjfcaTfc - to finish off writing 


together with the verb often expresses the be¬ 
ginning of an action. 

3aroBopiiTB - to start talking 

3aneTB - to start singing 


on, upon 

HaXOflMTB 


- to find, to come upon 


over, above 

HaflnucaTB 

Hafl36MHHft 


- to superscribe 

- overground 


away, away from 

OTXOflHTB - to go away from 

OTofiflKTe ot - Go away from the 
ctghh! wall! 


1. Mostly used to form perfective verbs from 
imperfective ones: 

nonpocHTB (perf.from npociiTB) to ask 
noyxHHaTB (perf.from yiHHaT&) to sup 

2. Expresses the idea of doing something "for 
a while”: 

noryjiHTB- to have a walk (for a while). 


43 



nofl 


under 


noflnHcaTB - to underwrite, to sign 
noflBopHii submarine (adj.) 

npH - together with verbs expresses the idea of reach¬ 
ing a goal of motion: 

npM3xaTB ) _ to arr i ve 

npMexaTB ) 

npHHOCMTB) . tQ bri 

npHHecTM ) 

c - means "off" and suggests mostly the meaning 

- ’’down": 

cxoflHTB - to descend 

- away 

ye 3 saTB ) - to go away, to depart 

yexaTt ) 

yHocHTB - to take away, etc. 


Inseparable Prefixes : 


BQ3 f B3 ) , BOC^ BC ) - Up 


BoexogHTB - to rise 

BOXOflHTB 

Cojthi;© - The sun rises. 

BCXOflMT. 


44 




BH - OUt 

BHBOflHTB ) _ t(J lead out 

BHBeCTH ) 


It will be observed that "bn " is accented in 
perfective compounds but unaccented in imperfective com¬ 
pounds. 


nepe - over, across 

nepexoflMTB 


to cross, to come over 


pa3 ( pac ) - dis... or un 
pa3,zi;©TNii 
pa3,zi;aTB 


undressed 
to distribute 


VIII. Compounds . 

A word formed by the conjunction of two or more 
simple words is called a compound . This applies not only 
to nouns but also to other parts of speech. 

Example : napoB 03 (nap-o-B 03 ) - a locomotive, formed 

from two words: 

nap (steam) and bo3Htb (to carry by vehicle) 
caMoxoflHH# - self-propelled 


The compound words often are joined by the con¬ 
nective vowels o or e. 


There are also many compound words in scienti¬ 
fic literature. 


45 








DECLENSION CHART OF RUSSIAN NOUNS 
Basic Types 


00 


AI 

i 


A 

Eh 

O 

n5 

S 


td 

I [ 

S 


w 

"s’ 

w 

« 

'© 

►=5 




w 

s 

*© 

© 

« 






sS 

© 

I 






<+ 

53 

O 

55 

M 

00 


rf 


K 

2 

'aJ 

*3 


© 


I 


»s 

O 


© 


o 

I 


'O 

C 


©I 

I 

s 


© 

s 

« 

'nJ 

tC 

ro 


oo 


a 

© 

i 


t-Q 

"pT 

I 'OJ 
« 
o 
*3 
o 


d 

o 

II 

e 

§ 

01 . 


© 


© 


© 


« 


PQ 

'O 

s 

O 


Eh 

» 

'© 

fct 

►» 

Eh 

O 


►» 

I 


o 

II 

*1 


25 

II 


Case: I z 


O l Q 

1 _ 


< i w 

-J_l 



46 










































































DECLENSION CHART OF RUSSIAN ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES 




47 



















































DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS 



<y 

W 

3 Z 


48 


The personal pronouns, 3rd person, take the letter m h ” in all cases if it is 
after any preposition, (Do not mix up with the possessive adjectives 
?o- his, e© - hers, ero - its, hx - theirs”, which never change). 























(M 


8 

£ 



• • 

<u 

> 

Plural: 

1 

S 

0 © 

'CO Eh 

X 

© 

Eh 

0k 

X 

a 

Eh 

'CO 

2 

© 

Eh 

2 

S 

Eh 

'CO 

=Nom.or = Gen. | 

a 

2 

'© 

Eh 

0k 

S 

2 

a 

Eh 

'CO 

X 

© 

0 

O 

* 

a 

'CO 

\o 

o 

Demonstrati 

• • 

M 

CTJ 

T—i 

d . 

• 

d 

•H 

s 

© 

as 

0 CVS 

'CO Eh 

o 

Eh 

O 

Eh 

'CO 

o 

Eh 

* 

»a 

o 

Eh 

'CO 

Eh 

0k 

>» 

Eh 

'CO 

o 

Eh 

« 

o 

Eh 

'CO 

»a 

o 

0 

o 

*3“ 

Q 

'Cr 

bo 

d 

•H 

• 

+■» 

d 

0) 

2 

O 

Eh O 

'CO Eh 

'O 

Ph 

O 

Eh 

0k 

O 

Ph 

O 

Eh 

'CO 

'>> 

2 

o 

Eh 

«* 

>> 

2 

o 

Eh 

'CO 

• 

d 

© 

0 

II 

u 

o 

• 

s 

o 

2 

II 

2 

© 

Eh 

* 

2 

a 

Eh 

'CO 

2 

o 

0 

o 

0k 

2 

o 

0 

'CO 

•CO 

o 


• 

o 

w 

s 

Eh 

O Eh 

Eh O 

'CO Eh 

i 


w 





5S 

'© 

x •• 


d 


vtX 

'© 

'tX 

'o 

\o 

© © 

i-H 

o 

<13 

\o 

\o 

\o 

\o 

© 

iH > 

rH 

C/3 

d 

© 

© 

© 

o 

o 

4-t-H 

c 

M 

O 

O 

O 

o 

o 


© 


43 

2 





o 

CC 


cx 











X 

2 

• 

is! 





'S 'S a a 'S 

a 

a 

0 




M 

d 

1 

o o 0 a o 

1 

1 

M 

O 


a 


r—i 


2 m 'ri 'o3 ffl 



• 

1 

1 


Ph 


Eh W CQ o 



2 



© 





»a 


3S 





'tX IX ctf cij 'tX 

0 

© 

* 

© 

© 



• 







> 






P*> 





d 

O 'O 0 a O 

1 

1 

I 

1 

i 

•H 



2 PQ 'c3 'ct5 ffl 



0k 



c/3 

i-i 

0) 

CL, 

Eh W ffl O 



S 

l 


o 

w 

d 







* 

o; 

rH 

• 

:© :© © © :® 



• 





-H 




d 



C/3 

d 

d 

O O 0 0 O 



© 





© 

2 PQ 'o5 'ct 5 m 

'O 

'S 




t/3 

oo 

2 

EH W PQ O 

Ph 

2 

II 

2 

2 

O 

d 



© 

© 

1-1 

a 

© 

Ph 

•H 

• 

o 

5S 5S 1 1 ’S 

1 

1 

o 

• 

i 

1 


00 

C/3 

O O 0 0 o 



0 





d 

2 pq a a m 



O 


o 



S 

eh W pq o 



z 

II 






• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

Case 

• 

• 

2 

0 

Q 

< 

M 

Ph 


49 

































DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS 



Plural: 

' 

s 

A 

V 

M 

s 

PQ 

2 

S 

A 

t* 

=Nom.or=Gen.j 

s 

2 

'S 

A 

t* 

X 

s 

pq 

p* 

O 



• • 1 









• • 









3 









H 


5S 

*K 


« 

« 

<D 


B | 

« 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 


M 

i. 

PQ 

hQ 

A 

pq 

A 

A 

> 



3 1 

F 

y 

y 

y 

y 


aS 








•H 








o 


r—1 

• t 1 







•+■> 


• 








3 

4-> 







as 


3 

1 :<Ti 



• 



CtC 

be 

d 

<U 

2 : 

E3* 

'O 

'>> 

a 

0) 

CJD 



o 




Eh 

2 

M 

2 

2 





(D 

0 


S 

:© 

M 


• • 


PQ 

A 

M 

A 

P5 


00 

• 



y 

O 

y 

y 

u 


o 




t 





C/3 

*8 



E 


o 

0 


oS 

(D 



O 





Z 




2 



+-> 






11 



3 









M 






















't>> 






1 

O 

Eh 

2 

o 

2 

2 





® 

0 

Eh 

0 

:® 




3* 


ts* 

3* 

3 1 

t* 


















O 





'O 

'>» 

'O 






O 

Eh 

2 

Eh 

2 

2 



i 

Eh 

o 

o 

O 

0 

o 




« 

« 

« 

« 

8 

8 









O 




• 

• 

• 

• 


• 

Case 

• 

z; 

o 

Q 

< 

M 

Pin 





• • 






8 

X 


r-i 



X 

2 

rO 

2 

0 


CO 


© 

0 

0 

II 

'0 

O 


Eh 

1 

1 ° 

o 

o 

u 

o 

PQ 


3 


FQ 

PQ 

PQ 

o 

PQ 



r-i 



• 


O 


Oh 





2 


\o 







II 


o 



0) 

fH 


« 

« 


’8 

»S 




H 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 



d 

O 

O 

a 

o 

O 

o 



•H 

pq 

PQ 

PQ 

PQ 

PQ 

PQ 



E 









® 






o 



Oh 






VD 


#» 

u 







o 


03 









rH 

U 









0 








3 

-H 

:© 



• 




bp 

3 

o 



3 




0 

PQ 



0 



• • 

3 

2 

'O 

'>> 

tf 


2 

© 






H 



Ph 

2 


2 

:© 

> 

U 

0 


0 

0 

O 

® 

O 



d 

pq 

o 

O 

• 

o 

PQ 

•H 


•H 

PQ 

PQ 

E 

PQ 




r—1 

O 



o 


o 

-M 


3 

® 



2 


\o 



a 

PQ 



II 


o 

•H 


w 









aS 







3 


s: 







•H 









<+H 







8 


0 

• • 


S 

X 

2 

X 

2 

X 

—i 


'S 

*8 

*8 

*8 

'8 

Q 

as 

V | 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 


3 

'a! 

aJ 

c5 

a5 

cti 

qS 


T—1 


o 

o 

O 

O 

o 

o 


Ah 







O 






*8 

:© 

»S 

>8 




'cti 

'O 

'O 

O 

'O 

'O 



£ 

•H 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 



E 

3 

a$ 

n5 

a 

aJ 

cti 


A 

0 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 



Oh 








aS 







o 


r-i 

. 

La 







3 

bO 

•fJ 

(U 

2 

'O 

'N 

3 

0 




55 

o 

Eh 

2 

a 

2 

2 


3 



O 

2 

o 

2 

ii 

'8 

*o 

2 






2 


H 

• 

2 

aS 

aS 

O 

ctf 

cti 



o 

o 

o 

E 

o 

o 


00 

w 

a5 





as 

O 



2 

II 


o 

Ca se: 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 




2 

O 

Q 

< 

M 

Ah 


50 






















































DECLENSION OF CARDINAL NUMERALS 


M 

M 


a 

o 

u 

CD 



51 





























DECLENSION OF CARDINAL NUMERALS 


> 

i 


Gi 

P 

O 

M 

0 



52 





































PREPOSITIONS AND THE CASES THEY GOVERN 


Preposi- 

Principal meanings: 


C j 

1 s < 

2 s: 

Notes: 

tions: 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Acc. 

Ins.f 


6©3 

without 

X 






gjiaroflapn 

thanks to,owing to 


X 





6jik3 

near, close to 

X 






B ( B O ) 

BflOJIB 

in, into, to,at,on 

along 

X 


M 


R 

M-state of 
motion 
R-state of 
rest 

BUSCTO 

instead of 

X 






BHS 

outside of 

X 






BHyTpM 

inside of 

X 






B03 Jie 

near, close to 

X 






BOKpyr 

(a)round 

X 






BOnpeKM 

contrary to 


X 





snepeflM 

in front of 

X 






B TS^SHHe 

during , for 

X 






flJIH 

for 

X 






flo 

till,up to, 
as far as 

X 






3 a 

behind,beyond,for, 
at,instead of,after 



X 

X 



M3(M3 0 ) 

from,of,out of 

X 






M3-3a 

from around, from 
behind,because of 

X 






M3-n0fl 

from under 

X 






K ( KO ) 

to, towards, by 


X 





KpOM© 

except,besides 

X 






KpyroM 

(a)round 

X 







53 

















Preposi¬ 

tions: 



c 

a s 

e s 

: 


Principal meanings: 

Gen. 

Dat 

Acc J 

Ins, 

Prej 

orL, 

Notes: 

m eacfly 

MMMO 

between,among, 
amongst 

past, by 

(x) 

X 



X 


(x) rarely 
used with 
this case 

Ha 

safl 

to,on to,for,on,at 

over, above 



M 

X 

R 

M-state of 
motion 
R-state of 
rest 

HeCMOTpH 

in spite of,despite 



X 




Ha 

0(06,060) 

OKOJIO 

about,of,on,con¬ 
cerning 

by,near,around, 
about 

X 


(X) 


X 

(x) rarely 
used with 
this case 

OT(OTO) 

(away) from 

X 






nepefl 

in front of,before 




X 



no 

nofl 

along, at, due to, 
in, according to, 
on, by, after 

under, (occupied) 
by, for 


X 

(X) 

X 

X 

X 

(x) rarely 
used with 
this case 

nofljre 

by, near, close to 

X 






no 3 a^H 

behind 

X 






nocJie 

after 

X 






nocpeflii 

in the middle of 

X 






npM 

in the time of, 
under, near, atta¬ 
ched to 





X 


npo 

about, concerning 



X 




npOTKB 

opposite,against 

X 






pa^M 

for, for the sake 
of 

X 







54 
















Preposi- 

Principal meanings: 


C 

a s 

e s: 

Notes: 

tions: 

Gen 

Dat 

Acc, 

Ins, 

Prep, 
or L. 

c(co) 

from, from off, 
with 

X 


(x) 

X 


(x) rarely 
used with 
this case. 

CKB03B 

through 



X 




corjracHO 

according to, in 
accordance with 


X 





cpeflH 

in the midst of 

X 






y 

by, at, near 

X 






tiepe3 

across, through 



X 





55 












-st CONJUGATION 


go 

CQ 

PC 

> 


+-> 

o 

© 

a 

tO 

< 

© 

> 

•H 

-a 

U 

© 

<+H 

© 

Ph 


<+h 

a 


T) 

O 

O 

s 

© 

> 

■H 

•M 

CO 

u 

•H 

a 




© 


►0 Eh 

S Eh Eh 


0 © 

© © 2 


S © 'ct 3 

‘aJ'ctf'cd 


'CtJ'nJ EH 

Eh Eh Eh 

(U 

Eh Eh S 

S S S 

M 

S S G 

G G* 5 * 


G G O 

o o o 


o o a 

a a a 

a 

a a g 

CGfi 


G c — 



'rt'O 

*S 


a « W X 

a 0 x 


G eh O O O 

§ m o 


cti ct 5 



ii rt o 

s 


* * G G 0 

*s 


•=5 

'aJ 


'«5 CTS Eh Eh Eh 

Eh 


Eh Eh S s S 

a 

+-> 

S S G G G 

a 

CO 

G G O O O 

o 

CO 

o o a a a 

a 

P-I 

aaccc 

G 


G G 



'cti'o 

'S 


0 B « « 

a a a 


G Eh O O O 

a m o 

+-> 



a 



01 



to 



© 



M 



a 




I 

•§ 

00 T3 

I O 

iH O 

§ s 
O © 
• H > 
+J-H 
•H +J 

T3 U 
C Cl 
O 3 

o-n 


-a 

o 

o 

S 

0 ) 

> 

•H 

-H 

CO 

M 

© 

a 

E 


© 

a 'O 
\o 

cti 

ctf — 
—- *=5 
*S % aJ 
'Ctf Eh 
Eh S 

S a 
a o 
o a 
a g 
g 

a 

w eh 


(D 

&H 

« 

•> Eh 
S 


'cti 

Eh 

S 

a 

o 

a 

_E_ 


to 

0 ) 

rH 

a 

•H 

U 

•H 

+■> 

CO 

a 



« 



CM 

a 

a 


• • 

a 

a 


© 

a 

m 


> 

ctf 

'rt 


•H 

Eh 

Eh 


© 

1 'S 

a 


c/) 

a 

a 


Ph 

o 

o 



a 

a 



a 

G 




— " 




PQ 




'cti 



« 

Eh 



s 

a 



a 

a 


© 

m 

o 


> 

'ctJ 

a 


•H 

1 Eh 

G 


-M 

a 

• • 


U 

a 



< 

o 

.o 



a 

a 



a 

© 

> 




•v 




CO 



+-> 




a 

rH 



© 

CO 



CO 4 -> 

rO 



© to 

M 



M co 

© 



Ph Ph 

> 



u 

+■» 


CD 
© > 
•> "H 
Eh CO 


:© 

O 

G 

o 


00 

co 

a 

o 

A 


G © 

0 > 

:® co 
O -G 

°2 

a 

** QJ 

I > 

:(D 

I © • 

> CO 
•H © 


n *h a 

© (0 *H 
CO c 
to co 
© a 

M 

-m a 

00 


u 

•H 


M 

CO 

a 


OJ 




n 

© 



M 


M 


c0 


O 


a 


Cm 

• 

© 


© 

O 

> 


.O 

+■» 

•H 



© 

V) 


+J 


(0 


o 

•* 

cO 


a 

Eh 

a 


a 

:© 



C0 

o 

o 


o • 

M 

a 


to 

M 



© ,o 


© 


a a 

•* 

> 


>» © 

a 

CO 


-M > 

a 




:© 



CO © 

O 

to 


•H > 

G 

jq 


a 3 *h 


u 


-t-> -M 

• • 

1 

© 

> 


•H 
<H-I CO 



o a 

:© 

© 


C0 

1 

> 


to a 


•H 


© -a 


+-> 

• 


T 3 

•H 

CO 

a *a 

© 

to 

© 

•H iH 

CO 

a hh 

u CO 

to 

CO 

a 

•H 

© 

M 


-a S 

M 

•M 

U 

a o 

■4-» 

a ■ 

•H 

co a 

00 

HH 

4-> 

a Cm 

?—4 

CM 


CO 


56 






































-nd CONJUGATION 


go 

CQ 

Oi 

pq 

> 



< 

o 

p 


2 

O 

o 



57 


































58 































vh$ 

6 

•H 

to 

o 

a 

njraBaTB 

(1) 

Present 

s H 

cti c 
PQ p 
k a5' c 
•=3 t 
0 t 

9 Eh 

1 a 

g ** 

rg s 

5k ^ 

0 -a 
d ra 
pq a 

'g s, 

3 Si 

9S 

pj — 

(P ® 

*n5 Eh 

0 1 

0* 

nJIHTB 

(1) 

Present 

►P 

0 Eh 

»>»«d*!>> ft 
m m m ” 
0 0 0 g 
000 

0 0 0 

0 o 

H 0 Sft 

H .%3 5 

0 B 0 n. 

B'S M 

■s — 

PQ © 

0 Eh 

0 l 

0' 

O' 

yy&v 

<a 

O 

a 

a 

w a 

E-< _ O 

'aQ 2 

S £ 

►P 

0 Eh 

S®S -a 
*a5*aJ*c(J © 
Eh Eh Eh f* 

© © © ft 
0 0 0 

• 

■H 

0 C3J 

*a a 

Eh ® 
£ B 

3S — 

*a ® 

Eh Eh 

® 1 

0* 

a t; 

*©/-*© 
Z fP tP 

^ £ 

►p 

0 Eh ft| 
k^*S*« 

0 Eh Eh £ 

0 0 0 

• 

a 

w ra 

£ 8 

® B 

0 M 

s © 

Eh Eh 

© 1 

0* 


«k 

•o l 
ra a 
© o 

r-i O a 

o 

0 0 3 
a a T5 

£ a 

Eh © 

'Ss 

o a 
m ft 

►P 

0 Eh ^ 

*>>s w “ 
« *c « S. 

O'O'O ft 

pq pq pq 

• 

+-> 

_ ra 
0 a 
*s © 

fcC ft 

o a 

pq w 

*S ® 
tt Eh 

O I 

CP* 

a 

a 

*s <u 

Eh W3 

y rM © 

m 

* 

0 -a| 

0 Eh ® 

tt Kt fcC ftl 

® © ® 

cq m « 

a*w a 
0 0 re 
© © a 

mm m 

J\CT a 
0 0 « 
XD © 

n m 

vS © 

fct Eh 

© 1 

PQ* 


s- 

a 

M 

C8 

O 

o 

a 

a 

jo a 

Eh U 

CO 

"03 © 
0\_/ |_| 
o (X, 

w 

W a 

0 Eh 1/3 
*>>S W re 
0 O O ft 
0"0*0 

W W W 

• 

■a 

tH W 

0 a 

*S © 
o ft 

o a 
w ft 

*s ® 

O EH 

O | 

w* 

a 

a 

*s ® 

gn s~\ C/3 

G r-l © 

r- 

0 a 

0 Eh C/3 

k f>>j® *t>> ra 

o o o ^ 

© © ® 
WWW 

0 * 0 'S a 
© § 0 re 
W © o a 

• w ® X 

o ?w& 

:©*a “ 

W 0 M 

•—H* 

^S © 

O Eh 

© 1 

W* 

JJ 

t /~\ 

a a © 

MOO 

is aa 

o re 

>N >> 
0,0 0 
a H-H > 

►q ft 

Eh Jh 

m 03 w 

g~ 2 

m ft 

►P 

0 EH -H 

'SS K to 
W ro ro ra 
o*o*o ft 
PQ ffl PQ 

• 

-M 

5 f 3 

*S M 

© © 
o ft 
CP 6 

M 

•M 

*s ® 

© Eh 

o 1 

ffl* 

a 

*s a 

Eh ^ © 
m ft C/3 

m It 

w 

0 Eh 

*>»:©*!>» -a 

ra ra ro © 

© © © « 

CP CP PQ ^ 

1 *u • 

CO 0*S a 
© ro 0 re 
pq © ra a 
« pq © © 
ro ~ PQ ft 
:©*a £ 

PQ 0 M 

»-• »-• 

vS © 

03 Eh 

© I 

PQ* 

J vi 

^ Ui \\ 

T(o 

1 /—N 

o a o 
boo o 
o a 
o re 

a >> 

,o © 

w > 

►p t! 

Eh A 

© 

tfOJ © 
"S-h © 

S M 

fa 

»P 

0 Eh +, 

>>S « CO 

N fcC fcf re 

© co ra ft 

>©*©*© 

» 

-a 

w ra 

S a 
© 

^ ft 

£0 E 

*® M 

s ® 

« EH 

ra I 

*©% 

a 

ep a 

Eh /-n © 

aft® 

x ^ « 

*® a 

ft 

W a 

0 Eh W 

>» © >» ra 

tt K t=t ft 

w©*©*® 

• 

a 

ctf 

0 a 

aj © 

x ft 

»® B 

M 

i3 

vo? 

W — 
ro © 

© Eh 

O 1 

0' 

f r 

a 

a 

M 

G 

a 

* +5 

Eh A 

Oj © 

lM W 

^ £ 

0 

0 0 

S ® S <fj 

cvJ cti a to 

Ph Ph Ph re 

,©*©%© pU| 

vo vo vo 

-a 

0 S 
a © 

Ph ft 

*® a 

\0 at 

sS — 

a ® 

0 Eh 
*® I 

VO* 

vP /-s a 

Eh • gj 

*a a © 

M M C/3 
© W © 
VO ^ a 

ft 

A 

0 Eh +j 

k>>*S*t>> CO 

0 M 0 re 
© © © ft 
vo vo vo 

3 i 

*a m 

« © 

© a 

vo 0 

M 

vS © 

Ph Eh 

© 1 

VO* 


V 

O O 
bo O 
a 
o 

44 g 

*p fl 

*S 03 S 
© 

o a 
X ft 

EP ^ 

0 Eh ^ 

>»S « re 

« «« ft 

0*0*0 

M S M 

tH ^ 

'S © 
tc a 
o E 
X ft 

*S © 

« Eh 

O | 

K* 

a 

a 

'SH CO 
Eh w © 

t=c a 

s ft 

_ a 

d _ w 

0 Eh re 

^>>:©*>> ft 

S S S 

CC S 1, 

0 0 t; 
ss 2 
© 

0 o a 
:© 0 E 
0 0 ft 

— © 
vS eh 
t=t 1 

s* 

The three ideas 
of the verbs 
in Row I: 

1-Repeated or 

habitual mo- 

A 

««• 

' > 

Q 

a a B-o •f'-f 

•h -h > '0 o a x 

t t3 c/ 3 re O 

a ••« 

O c/3 c/3 ; 60 <U Ol 

•h a a i a a 

+J O O \ *H <V bO 

o -H -H Ofia \f 
Sa-H 0 S-h/v t 

MB 

OO_Q 

^ I 

(U H o 

s; s 

tM o ra *a . 

O ft *0 / 

a 

re a -a 
© *h -a 

•o a -h 

•h co o a • • i 

n -h *h a \ 

© m a a o 

H > ^ -O ft 1 

1 

| 

M o h 

M 

M 

M 


2 

O 

M 

H 

O 

X 


i 

© 

a 

O 

2 


59 


The numbers in parenthesis indicate first or second conjugation of the verbs. 












































































60 



























pp 

> 

M 

H 

S 

w 

34 

2 


0 

Eh 

I 


'0 

o 

\o 


7T 

E-i 

'0 

0 

O 

\o 

>> 

01 

'>> 

\o 


9S' 

'0 

o 

AO 

CCS 

ro 


0 

Eh 

i 


TJ 

0 

CO 

3 

ft 

O 

2 


•d 

0 

co 

3 

ft 

O 

2 


£ 

i 


1 


O 



1 0 


0 

l £ 

•- • 

1 0 


0 

1 o 

0 

1 1 

0 

1 

• a 0 

0 

1 • 

0 

»-• 

O 0 

1 

! 

1 


| 

•- • 

2 

v-» 

fi O 

'O' 

'S 

a 

9S 


i 'O 

Ph 

i a 

0 

H'° 

1 o 

0 

1 o 

Pi 

1 

i a 

AO 

1 CP 

AO 


a 

0 Eh 

2 0 2 


\0»0\0 
<=2 0 0 
O O O 
AO AO AO 
ni pj d 
ro ro ro 


a 

Eh 

'0 

•=2 

O 


a 

Eh 

'0 

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120 























TRANSLITERATION 


Transliteration consists of writing words of any 
particular language by means of letters of another lan¬ 
guage. 


For example, in translating an official document, 
the name of the town "EE-IAH IJEPKOBB " should not be 
translated by "White Church". It has to be transliter ¬ 
ated , i.e. expressed in English letters for the sake of 
retaining its identity. Thus, it would be transliter¬ 
ated as "BELAYA TSERKOV*", etc. 

Transliteration is widely used in the translation 
of documents, reports, technical and scientific manuals, 
and official correspondence. 

The purpose of writing words and expressions by 
using letters of another language is two-fold: 

1« To transliterate proper names, names of geographic 
locations, etc. from Russian into English and vice- 
versa . 

2. To transliterate words, sentences and passages which 
are ambiguous or unintelligible so as to enable a 
specialist reading the translation to refer to the 
original. 

Standard and accepted methods of transliteration 
from Russian into English and vice-versa should be used 
in all transliterative practices. This insures the 
uniformity and greater accuracy of the translation. Due 
to the complexity of Russian and Soviet names and the 
prevalence of oriental names in certain regions of the 
USSR, it is imperative that every translator and trans¬ 
lator-analyst use standard transliteration symbols. 


RUSSIAN-ENGLISH TRANSLITERATION 


In transliterating Russian words and sentences 
into English - transliterate letter by letter . 

Example: (1) B1AT0BE I EHCK (2) HEP^MHCK 
BLAGOVESHCHENSK NERCHINSK 

etc. 


121 









GUIDE TO TRANSLITERATION 


Russian 

Alphabet 

English trans¬ 
literation 

Russian 

Alphabet 

English trans¬ 
literation 

A a 

a 

P p 

r 

E 6 

b 

C c 

s 

B B 

V* 

T T 

t 

r r 

g 

y y 

u 

A fl 

d 

* $ 

f 

E e 

e ** 

X x 

kh 

X x 

zh 

n; e; 

ts 

3 3 

z 

^ q 

ch 

K M 

i 

IE nr 

sh 

K k 

i 

m m 

shch 

K K 

k 

N 

y 

J ji 

1 

■B 

mute*** 

M M 

m 

B 

mute**** 

H H 

n 

3 3 

e 

0 o 

o 

10 K> 

yu 

n n 

P 

fl H 

ya 


Remarks :*) Russian family names ending in ,, OB ,, , ,, eB ,, are 
transliterated either as M off ,, , M eff M or as "ov","ev". 
Ex.: MBaHOB- Iva noff or Ivanov; PocTOBijeB -Rostovts eff 
oi* Rostovtsev. 

**) a. "e" in inTtial position and after a vowel are trans¬ 
literated as "ye" £x.:EJieHa- Yelena. KpacHoe-Krasnoye. 

b.For accented "e"-"yo" is used.Ex.ee Jia- syola. 

***) The combinations "■Be" and "Be" are transliterated 
as "ye".Ex.o6’BeflMHeHiie- o byed inenive. 

3anoposBe - Zaporozhye. 

****)A »»b" (soft sign) after a consonant is translite¬ 
rated by an apostrophe (').Ex.: IIpimeTB- Pripet 1 . 


122 









LIST OF BASIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS 

A. General 


acc. 

aCC MC T GHT 

assistant 

B . 

BeK 

century 

BB . 

BGKa 

centuries 

tji . o6p. 

rJiaBHHM o6pa30M 

ma in ly 

rp. 

rpaacflaHMH 

citizen; 

Mister 

rp-Ka 

rpasflaHKa 

citizeness; 

Mistress, Mrs.,Miss 

r-H 

rocno,zi;MH+ surname 

Mister, Mr. 

r-sca 

rocnoia + surname 

Mistress,Mrs. 

r. r. 

rocnofla 

Messrs; Ladies and 
Gentlemen 

r . 

rofl 

year 

rr. 

rofla 

years 

fl o P.X. 

Ao PoxflecTBa 
XpMCTOBa 

before Christ, 

B.C. 

flO H . 3 . 

,n;o Hamefi 3pti, T.e. 
fl o P.X. 

before Christ, 

B.C. 

flon;. 

,n;on;eHT 

assistant professor 

K.-fl. 

acejie3HO,zi;op6acHHM 

railroad (adj.) 

VL T . fl. 

m Tan ,n;ajiee 

and so forth, etc. 

M t .n. 

m TOMy noflo6noe 

and the like; etc. 

M flp. 

h flpyrne 

and others; et al. 

Vi np. 

m nponee 

and the rest, etc. 

K-pHH 

KOTOpH# 

who, which 


123 









M., M©C . 

mgchd; 

month 

Hanp. 

HanpwMep 

for example, e.g. 

H . 3 . 

Ham©# ©pn, t.©. 
nocji© P.X. 

Anno Domini, A.D. 

H . CT . 

HOBOrO CTMJIH 

new style, Grego¬ 
rian calendar 

npo$. 

npo$eccop 

professor 

no P.X. 

nocjie PoKflecTBa 
XpHCTOBa 

Anno Domini 

pnc. 

pncyHOK 

sketch, drawing, 
picture 

CM. 

CMOTpn 

See 

CTp. 

CTpaHMn;a 

page 

COKp. 

coKpameHZ© 

abbreviation 

CT.CT. 

CTaporO CTMJIH 

old style, 

Julian calendar 

T^K • 

Tonna 

period, stop 

T . © . 

TO-6CTB 

that is, i.e. 

T . K. 

Tan naK 

since, because 

T . 

TOM 

volume, tome 

T . T . 

TOMa 

volumes, tomes 

T.H.,T.Ha3. 

TaK HE3HBE6MHK 

so called 

$nr . 

$nrypa 

figure (sketch) 

^I©PT . 

^epTeat 

drawing, sketch 


124 












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